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Scientists have discovered a unique ten-sided structure, called a decagon, in the atmosphere of Saturn’s South Pole using Hubble Space Telescope images and observations by a University of Leicester scientist. This finding, published in the journal Science Advances, adds to the understanding of atmospheric phenomena on gas giants.
The discovery of the decagon around Saturn’s south pole emerged as the southern hemisphere became more visible from Earth between 2023 and 2025. Images obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2024 and 2025, along with those from ground-based telescopes, confirmed the existence of this structure.
The discovery of a ten-sided structure in Saturn’s atmosphere has prompted an array of questions among scientists regarding atmospheric phenomena on gas giants, with Agustín Sánchez-Lavega emphasising the need to understand why Saturn uniquely forms such polygonal waves. Following the findings published in Science Advances, Professor Leigh Fletcher noted the unprecedented involvement of amateur astronomers, whose contributions were critical in identifying the newly revealed feature around the planet’s South Pole.
What remains unclear — Scientists have yet to determine why Saturn is the only planet to form this type of polygonal wave.
Ten-sided structure discovered in Saturn’s atmosphere by scientists
The ten-sided structure has left scientists with more questions (Picture: NASA)
A unique ten-sided structure discovered in the atmosphere of Saturn has baffled scientists.
Using the Hubble Space Telescope, images from amateur astronomers and observations by a University of Leicester scientist, a team of scientists has revealed a wave around the planet’s South Pole.
The discovery is nearly identical to another hexagonal structure at its North Pole.
The mysterious finding was published in the journal Science Advances today and adds to the continuing mystery of atmospheric phenomena on the gas giants of our Solar System.
When the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft flew past Saturn in 1980 and 1981, one of their many discoveries was a hexagonal wave encircling the planet’s north pole within its clouds.
The planet has left scientists wondering what other mysteries its atmosphere could hold (Picture: NASA)
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The hexagon has persisted to this day, for more than one Saturnian year (which is equivalent to about 30 Earth years).
Despite the symmetry in the distribution of winds and atmospheric dynamics across the planet, in all the years since then, no similar structure had been observed in the southern hemisphere.
But recently, as the planet’s southern hemisphere became more visible from Earth between 2023 and 2025, images taken by amateur astronomers and the Hubble Space Telescope revealed not a hexagon but a 10-sided polygon around the planet’s south polar region.
Images subsequently obtained by the HST in 2024 and 2025, as well as those taken with ground-based telescopes, confirmed its existence.
Co-author Professor Leigh Fletcher from the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Leicester said: ‘Saturn still can surprise us – given the season, Saturn’s southern hemisphere is emerging from more than a decade in winter darkness.
‘Something has clearly changed during that long winter when we weren’t looking, presenting us with this stunning new feature around the South Pole.’
Lead author Agustín Sánchez-Lavega of Universidad del País Vasco EHU said: ‘This research raises many fundamental questions about atmospheric phenomena on gas giants.
‘Why is Saturn the only planet to form this type of polygonal waves? Is the phenomenon in any way related to the 5- and 8-sided polygonal arrangement of the cyclones surrounding Jupiter’s poles?’
Professor Fletcher added: ‘What’s really exciting about this work is the involvement of amateur observers with their backyard telescopes, sharing their images online, and searching Saturn’s clouds for new discoveries. It was their data that first hinted something exciting was going on.
‘The hexagon itself is now hidden from view, as the North Pole disappears into autumn and winter. Who knows whether that will still be there next time we can look? And how long this new decagon will hang around for?’
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